The fundamental objective of this Hadoop Partitioner tutorial is to give you a point by point definition of every part that is utilized in Hadoop. In this post, we are going to cover the meaning of Hadoop Partitioner, the need for a Partitioner in Hadoop, and a poor case of Hadoop partitioning.
Let us understand what Hadoop Partitioner is.
What is Partitioner in Hadoop?
A Partitioner permits disseminating how outputs go from the map stage to the reducers.
Partitioner controls the key segment of the middle map outputs. The key or a subset of the key is utilized to infer the partition by a hash function.
As a matter of fact, Hadoop structure is a hash-based partitioner. This hash function in Hadoop helps derive the partition.
The partition works on the mapper output depending on the key value. The same key value goes into the same partition within each mapper. After this process, the final partition is sent to a reducer.
The class of a partition decides where the pair of a key and value will go to. The partitioning phase falls in the middle of the map and reduce phases.
Let’s see why there is a need for a Hadoop Partitioner.
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What is the Need for a Hadoop Partitioner?
An input data set is taken, and a list of key and value pairs is produced in the MapReduce architecture job phase. These key and value pairs are formed in the map phase. This happened when the input data is split, which is then processed by each task and map, producing a list of key and value pairs.
However, the map out partition happens right before the reduce phase, based on key and value. This way, all keys of the same values are grouped together, and they go to the same reducer. Hence, even the distribution of the output from the map on the reducer is ensured.
Hadoop MapReduce partitioning allows for even distribution of mapper output over the reducer by ensuring the right key goes to the right reducer.
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Syntax of Hash Partitioner in Hadoop
Here is the default syntax of a hash partitioner in Hadoop.
public int getPartition(K key, V value
int numReduceTasks)
{
return(key.hashCode() & Integer.MAX_VALUE) % numRedudeTasks;
}
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Implementation of Hadoop Partitioner
To see an example of the use of Hadoop Partitioner in practical applications, let us look at the table below containing data for the residents in a block in a building.
Flat Number | Name | Gender | Family Members | Electricity Bill | |
1101 | Manisha | Female | 3 | 1500 | |
1102 | Deepak | Male | 4 | 2000 | |
1103 | Sanjay | Male | 3 | 1100 | |
1104 | Nidhi | Female | 2 | 900 | |
1105 | Prateek | Male | 1 | 650 | |
1106 | Gopal | Male | 4 | 1800 | |
1107 | Samiksha | Female | 2 | 1300 |
Now let’s write a program to find the highest electricity bill by gender in different family member groups – 2 to 3 and below 4.
The given data gets saved as input.txt in the directory “/home/Hadoop/HadoopPartitioner”.
The key follows a pattern – special key + file name + line number. For example,
key = input@1
For this, value would be
value = 1101 \t Manisha \t Female \t 3 \t 1500
Here’s how the operation would go:
- Read value
- Use split function to separate genders and store them in a string variable
String[] str = value.toString().split(“\t”, -2);
String gender = str[2];
- Now send gender information and record data value as ley and value pair to the partition task
context.write(new Text(gender), new Text(value));
- Repeat for all records
As an output, you will get the sorted gender data and data value as key and value pairs.
Here’s how the partitioner task would go.
First, the partitioner will take the key and value pairs sent to it as input. Now, it will divide the data into different segments.
Input
key = gender field value
value = record value of that gender
Here’s how the process will follow.
- Read family member value from the key value pair
String[] str = value.toString().split(“\t”);
int age = Integer.parseInt(str[3]);
- Check family members value with following conditions
- Family members from 2 to 3
- Family members less than 4
if(familymembers<4)
{
return 0;
}
else if(familymembers>=2 && familymembers<=3)
{
return 1 % numReduceTasks;
}
else
{
return 2 % numReduceTasks;
}
Output
The data of key and value pairs will be segmented into the three given collections.
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Poor Partitioning and Overcoming it
Let us assume that you can predict that one of the keys in your input data will show up more than any other key. So, you might need to send all your key (a huge number) to one partition and afterwards, distribute the remaining keys over all other partitions by their hashCode().
So, now you have two mechanisms of sending information to partitions:
- First, the key showing up more will be sent to one partition
- Second, all the remaining keys will be sent to partitions as per their hashCode().
Now, let’s say your hashCode() technique doesn’t turn out to be appropriately distributing the other keys over partitions. So, the information isn’t equally circulated in partitions and reducers. This is because each partition is proportional to a reducer.
So, certain reducers will have larger amounts of data than other reducers. Hence, the remaining reducers will have to wait for one reducer (one with user-defined keys) because of the load at hand.
In this case, you should follow a methodology that would share the data across different reducers. Learn more about Hadoop with our Hadoop ultimate tutorial.
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Conclusion
We hope that this guide on Hadoop Partitioners was helpful to you. For more information on this subject, get in touch with the experts at upGrad, and we will help you sail through.
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Which is the default Hadoop partitioner, and how many partitioners are there in Hadoop?
Hash Partitioner is the default Hadoop partitioner, mainly in Hadoop MapReduce. The partition analyzes figures the hash value for the key, and based on the result; the partition is assigned to the respective values. The number of Hadoop partitioners is equivalent to the number of available reducers. The number of reducers is illustrated by JobConf.setNumReduceTasks(), and the partitioner divides the data based on the number of reducers. Therefore, a single data from a single partitioner is processed by a single reducer. Also, a partitioner is generally created in the presence of multiple reducers.
What is Hadoop?
Apache Hadoop operates as an open-source software framework that processes enormous chunks of data sets. Open-source software is easily accessible and available whenever required. It is even possible to meddle with the source code based on the requirements. Apache Hadoop uses thousands of nodes to run various applications on a system. Moreover, rapid data transfer between the nodes rapidly takes place through the distributed file system present in Hadoop. Despite machine failure, data is always available. Therefore, even if a machine crash occurs, your data is always safe. The cluster commodity isn’t very expensive that Hadoop primarily uses.
How does Hadoop deal with small files?
Hadoop mostly works with large files, and therefore it doesn’t work well with small ones. Due to its high capacity design, it lacks the ability required to support the operation of small files. For Hadoop to get rid of the small file, it merges all the small files to create large files. Then it transfers everything to the HDFS. Alternatively, small files also deal with the small file problem efficiently. It uses the filename as the key and displays file contents as values. With some simple lines of code, these files can be placed in small sequence files. These are the ways that Hadoop uses to deal with small files.