We have to perform several operations to retrieve or alter any existing data from the database. SQL offers several operators to perform database management system operations. Here through this article, we will discuss several SQL operators and some basic information and examples. Let us discuss operators in SQL now.
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What are Operators?
SQL Operators are like SQL keywords that can perform arithmetic, comparison, and logical operations. They are like conjunctions and can be used to specify the operations and conditions in SQL statements. They can serve multiple conditions in the statement like:
- Arithmetic Operators
- Logical Operators
- Comparison Operators
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As there are several types of operators in SQL anyone can take any SQL course to learn more operators. Let us understand them with examples in the next section.
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Operators in SQL
1. Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators can be used to perform arithmetic operations that include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
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Operator
| Operator | Operation | Description |
| + | Addition | This operator is used to add two given values |
| – | Subtraction | To subtract the two given values, we can use this operator |
| * | Multiplication | If we have to multiply the two given values, then we can use this operator |
| / | Division | To divide the two given values, we can use the division operator |
| % | Modulus | This operator returns the remainder obtained by dividing the two given values |
Example of Arithmetic Operators in SQL:
SELECT 80 + 10;
SELECT 80 – 10;
SELECT 80 * 10;
SELECT 80 / 10;
SELECT 80 % 10;
The output of the above SQL commands with arithmetic operators will be:
90
70
800
8
0
So, these are the arithmetic operators of SQL. Let us now see the Comparison operators in SQL.
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2. Comparison Operators in SQL
Comparison operators are used to comparing the two values that may be either less than or greater than or equal to each other. The table of comparison operators is:
| Operator | Operation | Description |
| = | Equal to | To compare the two values, we can use this operator. |
| > | Greater than | This Boolean operator returns TRUE if the value of the left operand is greater than the right operand value. |
| < | Less than | This Boolean operator returns TRUE if the value of the left operand is less than the right operand value. |
| <= | Less than or Equal to | This Boolean operator returns TRUE if the value of the left operand is less than or equal to the right operand value. |
| >= | Greater than or Equal to | This Boolean operator returns TRUE if the value of the left operand is greater than or equal to the right operand value. |
| < > Or != | Not Equal to | This operator is used to check whether the two given values are equal to each other or not. |
| ! > | Not greater than | To check whether the left operand is greater than or not than the right operand and this operator returns TRUE if it is found the truth. |
| !< | Not less than | To check whether the left operand is less than or not than the right operand and this operator returns TRUE if it is found the truth. |
To compare the logical values, these operators are used in SQL. Now let us discuss a few of the
logical operators in SQL.
Example of “=”,”<” and “>” Operator
SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE Age = 20;
SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE Age < 20;
SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE Age > 20;
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3. Logical Operators in SQL
Let us now discuss the logical operators in SQL. There are few cases as specified in the following table where we can use these logical operators:
| Operator | Where to Use the Operator? |
| ALL | This operator is used to compare some specific values to the rest of the values of any set. |
| ANY | To compare any specific value of a set to the rest of the values, we can use this operator. |
| IN | To compare any specific value to the literals, we can use this operator. |
| BETWEEN | To search any value within a given range, we can use this operator. |
| AND and OR | These operators are used to define multiple conditions in the WHERE clause. |
| NOT | To reverse the output of the logical operator, the NOT operator can be used. |
| LIKE | If we want to compare a pattern through wildcard operators, then we can use the LIKE operator. |
| SOME | To compare some of the values to any specific value,we can use the SOME operator. |
| EXISTS | We can use this operator to search the presence of any row in the table. |
Example of BETWEEN and IN Operators
SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE Age BETWEEN 20 AND 40;
SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE Age IN (‘20’,‘ 40’);
These two queries are examples of SQL operators.
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Conclusion
SQL has many uses and operators, and you can use and practice these operators to know more about them. SQL operators help in fast data processing. Moreover, to compare any two values, these operators can be directly used. The operators are being asked during many interviews of fresher and experienced candidates. Learning SQL commands and an operator can help you in clearing interviews.
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What is SQL?
SQL stands for Structured Query Language and is a programming language designed to retrieve and manipulate data stored in relational database management systems. SQL is a standard, language-independent programming language. A programmer uses Structured Query Language to communicate with the database, with or without the support of a database manager.
What is the difference between relational and non-relational database?
Relational database is a subset of a non-relational database. The relational database consists of tables with a primary key and other columns that comprise the rows. It is free of any redundant data and it can be joined and/or related. Non-relational database (or non-SQL database) uses a different approach. It doesn't use tables at all, it works on the concept of documents. It may have a tree structure or it may be a graph structure. Relational databases store data in tables, which are made of rows and columns, data is related and arranged to the other data with joins, indexes, constraints and keys. On the other hand, non-relational databases are not hierarchical as relational databases and they store data as documents. Non-relational databases are not using joins to relate data, they use references within the document.
What are the applications of SQL?
There are very few computer languages that can beat the popularity of SQL in terms of nature and scope. The popular programming languages like C, C++, PHP, Perl, Python are designed for general purpose scripting and that is the sole reason for their popularity and the scope. However, in the case of SQL, it is a language designed for handling data in the form of tables, data structure and queries. The popularity of this language can be testified by the fact that it is included in almost every database product having different name as FoxPro SQL, Oracle SQL and MS SQL Server. Though this language includes a vast range of databases, it is not exactly the same. For instance, FoxPro SQL is a dialect of Sybase SQL, while Oracle SQL is a dialect of PostgreSQL language.
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